Additional file 1 of Underestimated health risks: polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics jointly induce intestinal barrier dysfunction by ROS-mediated epithelial cell apoptosis

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Fluorescence leakage after incubated in the gastric and intestine juice. Figure S2. The dynamic biodistribution after single exposure with PS50, PS500 and PS5000. Figure S3. The standard curves of fluorescence intensity of PS particles in each organ or blood. Figure S4. The organ biodistribution after single exposure with PS50, PS500 and PS5000. Figure S5. The dynamic biodistribution after co-exposure with each two of PS50, PS500 and PS5000. Figure S6. The organ biodistribution after co-exposure with each two of PS50, PS500 and PS5000. Figure S7. The organ biodistribution after co-exposure with different proportions of PS50 and PS500. Figure S8. Histopathology confirmed the biodistribution in the lung, spleen and testis of mice. Figure S9. H&E, AB-PAS, DHE, TUNEL staining in the duodenum, ileum and colon after 24 h exposure. Figure S10. ROS generation and apoptosis in the duodenum, ileum and colon after oxidant or antioxidant treatment. Figure S11. The organ biodistribution of PS micro- and nanoplastics after oxidant or antioxidant treatment. Figure S12. ROS generation and apoptosis in the duodenum, ileum and colon after exposure for 28 days. Figure S13. H&E staining of the intestinal segments after exposure for 28 days. Table S1. Physical characteristics of PS micro- and nanoplastics. Table S2. Primer sequences for qPCR. Table S3. Body weight of a 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study of PS micro- and nanoplastics exposure.