Additional file 1: Figure S1A. of A patient with van Maldergem syndrome with endocrine abnormalities, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and breast aplasia/hypoplasia Juan Sotos Katherine Miller Donald Corsmeier Naomi Tokar Benjamin Kelly Vijay Nadella Huachun Zhong Amy Wetzel Brent Adler Chack-Yung Yu Peter White 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3904564_D1.v1 https://springernature.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Additional_file_1_Figure_S1A_of_A_patient_with_van_Maldergem_syndrome_with_endocrine_abnormalities_hypogonadotropic_hypogonadism_and_breast_aplasia_hypoplasia/5500576 Pathways of estrogen activation of gene transcription (Classic): E2 = Estradiol, ER = Estrogen Receptor, ERE = Estrogen Receptor Elements. Estrogen (estradiol, E2) is the major factor in promoting breast development by activating the estrogen receptor Îą (ESR1) but there are different pathways; the classic genomic pathway and alternatives. In the classic pathway (Figure S1, A), the activated ESR1 dimerizes, binds with high affinity and specificity to DNA sequences called estrogen response elements (EREs) to regulate transcription rates of target genes. Activated ESR1 then recruits-interacts with steroid receptor co-regulators (SRCS) and chromatin remodelers that facilitate access to chromatin and coordinate transcription of the transcriptional modulators. Transcription is facilitated or impeded in part by modifications of histones, the more abundant proteins in the nucleus which package the DNA. Modification of histones by acetylation via histone acetyl transferases or deacetylation via histone deacetylases affects transcription of genes [22]. Figure S1B. There are alternative mechanisms of action when the estrogen receptor can sometimes regulate expression of genes that lack EREs resulting in activation of reporter genes containing activator protein 1 (Ap-1) elements (Figure S1, B). Through protein-protein interaction, estrogen receptors can modulate the transcriptional activity of heterodimers of the transcription factors fos and jun (Ap-1 responsive elements), leading to activation of reporter genes containing Ap-1 elements. This non-classical genomic pathway is also functional in vivo. Ap-1 is a transcription factor complex containing the proto-oncogenes jun/fos and other family members. This complex interacts with Ap-1 sites in gene promoters to activate a large number of genes involved in cellular differentiation and development [16]. (DOCX 96 kb) 2017-10-13 05:00:00 Breast aplasia Breast hypoplasia Congenital malformation DCHS1 Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Intellectual disability Osteopenia Skeletal dysplasia Van Maldergem Syndrome